추상적인
심리학을 공부하는 학생의 문제 중 하나는 모듈에서 모든 것을 배우고 주제의 개별 영역에서 시험에 합격한다는 것입니다. 이는 연결되지 않은 이해, 즉 점을 연결하지 못하는 결과로 이어질 수 있습니다. 이 논문은 사회 심리학과 상담 실천의 통찰을 결합하려는 시도입니다. 카운셀러는 사회 조사에서 좀 더 폭넓은 통찰력을 얻을 수 있습니까? 나는 고전 연구의 예를 탐구하고 그것이 실제로 카운슬러에게 어떻게 도움이 될 수 있는지 알아보려고 노력할 것입니다 동탄심리상담센터.
소개
대부분의 심리학 학생들은 졸업 후에도 심리학 지식의 한 영역과 다른 영역 사이의 연결을 항상 볼 수는 없습니다. 잘 알려진 심리학자조차도 분명히 그렇지 않은 “새로운” 아이디어를 내놓을 수 있습니다. 새로운 아이디어를 보여주는 상관 관계 – 하나가 다른 하나를 유발할 수 있다는 것이 아닙니다. 예를 들어 인지 행동 치료는 많은 상담사, 정신과 의사 및 의료 상담사에 의해 사용되지만 그 원칙이 프로이트의 사고와 정확히 일치한다는 것을 이해하는 사람은 거의 없습니다.
카운셀러는 항상 심리학 교육을 받는 것은 아니며 많은 사람들이 특정 표준에 따라 대학에서 고안한 단기 과정에서 지식을 배웁니다. 당신이 그것을 어떤 방식으로 보든 그들의 지식은 종종 격차로 가득 차 있습니다. 이것은 주로 CBT, 정신역동학, 심리치료 및 기타 영역과 같은 한 가지 사고 학파에서만 훈련하는 경향이 있지만 특정 이론이나 사고 학파로 제한되는 경우가 많기 때문입니다. 이것은 우리의 배운 친구들이 바퀴를 다시 발명하는 것과 같은 상황으로 이어집니다. 내 세미나의 많은 카운셀러들은 당신이 뭔가 새로운 것을 제시하고 누가 실제로 그 개념을 생각해 냈는지 그들에게 말할 때 놀랐습니다. 그러면 그들은 모두 한숨을 쉬었습니다.
사회 심리학 – 아이디어!
어쨌든 사회 심리학이란 무엇입니까? 그것은 사람들이 사회적 세계에서 어떻게 생각하고, 영향을 받고, 서로 관계를 맺는가에 대한 과학적 연구입니다(Myers 2005). 그것은 우리 존재의 세 가지 영역을 조사합니다. 하나는 우리의 사회적 사고, 우리가 세상에서 우리 자신을 보는 방식, 두 번째는 우리가 사회, 문화 및 전통, 집단 안팎에서 어떻게 영향을 받는지, 세 번째는 편견 속에서 우리의 사회적 관계, 침략, 매력 또한 다른 사람과 그들로부터 우리 자신에 대한 이타주의. 이것은 우리가 살고 있는 사회 세계입니다. 대부분의 심리학은 개인이 무엇을 하고, 배우고, 생각하고, 느끼는지에 기반을 두고 있지만, 우리는 이 세상에 혼자가 아닙니다. 우리는 가족, 지역 사회, 도시, 국가, 문화, 그리고 이 모든 것이 우리 일상의 현실을 만듭니다.
상담 – 방법!
물론 상담의 목적은 항상 개인에게 초점을 맞추어 왔습니다(직접적인 관계에 기초한 유일한 치료법인 거래 분석 제외). 이것은 상담 세션에서 치료 환경에서 다루어지고 다루어지는 개인의 문제라는 것을 의미하며 내담자를 위한 해결책으로 이어지지만 그가 치료사 사무실을 떠날 때 그가 처리해야 하는 세상을 위한 것은 아닙니다.
사회 심리학 – 상자 밖에서 생각하기!
우리 모두는 자신만의 현실을 창조합니다. 같은 사건을 목격하더라도 두 사람이 공유된 견해에 동의하지 않을 것입니다. 이것은 우리가 세상에 대한 선입견을 가지고 모든 행사에 오기 때문입니다. 우리는 이것을 종종 상식이라고 부릅니다. 그러나 상식은 검증되지 않은 경우가 많으며 다양한 방식으로 해석될 수 있습니다. Paul Lazersfeld(1949)는 일부 피험자에게 상식적인 진술을 보도록 요청하고 피험자가 진술된 개념에 동의하는지 물었습니다.
1. 교육을 잘 받은 군인은 교육을 덜 받은 군인보다 더 많은 적응 문제를 겪었습니다. (지식인들은 거리에 똑똑한 사람들보다 스트레스보다 전투 준비가 덜 되어 있었습니다.)
2. 남군은 북군보다 남해의 무더운 기후에 더 잘 대처했다. (남부 사람들은 더운 날씨에 익숙했습니다).
3. 백인 사병은 흑인 사병보다 승진에 더 열심이었다. (수년간의 억압은 성취 동기에 큰 타격을 줍니다).
4. 남부 흑인은 북부 장교보다 남부 장교를 선호했습니다(남부 장교는 흑인과 상호 작용하는 데 더 경험이 많고 숙련되었기 때문입니다). (마이어스 2005)
Lazersfelds의 피험자 중 다수는 위의 진술이 명백하며 이에 동의하는 데 어려움이 없다고 말했습니다. 짐작하셨겠지만 현실은 실제로 모든 경우에 반대였습니다. 실제로 Lazersfeld는 교육을 덜 받은 군인들이 더 많은 고통을 겪었고, 기후 조정에 실질적인 차이가 없었으며, 흑인들이 승진에 더 열심이었다고 보고했습니다. 일상 생활에서 우리는 다른 사람의 상식에 귀를 기울이는 경험을 하고 실제로 그것에 대해 질문하지 않습니다. 우리는 “그렇게 될 것이라고 내가 말했잖아”라는 태도를 취하지만 행사 전에는 그렇게 쉬운 일이 아닙니다. 오늘날의 사회에서 우리는 정치적 실수, 산업재해, 자동차 사고에 대한 희생양을 찾는 것을 좋아합니다. 누군가는 비난받아야 합니다. 사실이 알려진 후에는 누군가에게 비난을 돌리는 것이 쉽습니다. 그 당시에는 아마도 다른 사람보다 현명하지 않았을 것입니다. 9/11 재난에서 보안군은 테러리스트를 막을 수 있는 정보를 가지고 있었지만 그것은 수백만 개의 다른 쓸모없는 정보 중 하나였습니다. 9/11 이후 사람들은 이 정보가 무시되었다는 사실에 놀랐습니다.
사회심리학이 알려주는 상담 – 1
위의 예에서 상담 세션에서 이 정보를 어떻게 사용할 수 있습니까? 고객의 현실감이 올바른지 어떻게 판단할 수 있습니까? 그들이 일반적인 오해에 대해 이야기하거나 심지어 과거 사건을 해석하기 위해 뒤늦은 시각을 사용하는 것이 아니라는 것입니다. 우리는 내담자에게 다음과 같은 질문을 시도하여 이전에 있었던 일에 대한 감각을 끌어낼 수 있습니다.
1. 이벤트 전에 무슨 생각을 했습니까?
2. 항상 이것을 믿었습니까?
3. 다른 사람들이 당신의 견해에 동의한다고 생각합니까?
4. 이 사건이 당신이 미래에 행동하는 방식을 어떻게 바꾸었습니까?
사례 연구: -1
Mary는 강간당했습니다. 그녀는 법정 절차를 거쳤고 그 남자가 유죄 판결을 받는 것을 보았습니다. 1년 후 그녀는 남자들과 새로운 관계를 형성할 수 없습니다. 그녀는 다음과 같은 진술을 합니다.
“Men are all the same – takers, liars, untrustworthy and brutal. I always knew they would hurt me one day, take my dignity away from me, and stop me from living my life with-out fear. Since I was a little girl I have feared men. They are all the same when you get right down to it – sexual dirty beasts.”
Therapist: Tell me Mary, what were you thinking prior to the event?
Mary: Well, I was happy, enjoying the party, dancing with some guys, having good fun. I guess I was thinking I was safe here and just happy to be with such exciting people.
Therapist: You say that men are all alike – when did you start believing this?
Mary: Look what happened to me! You give them a chance and they betray you. He said just a kiss outside, just a hug, I wanted that too, but when you give them that inch they take a mile. I knew then I should have said no.
Therapist: Do you feel other girls feel the same about men?
Mary: Perhaps they should, and then fewer girls would suffer like I did. However most girls are stupid and think they can handle men in any circumstances. Silly fools.
Therapist: If you go to a party or similar now – how might you behave towards men?
Mary: Well never be alone with any man – no matter how nice he is. Make sure you tell you friends where you are and who you are with. Better still do not go to the party in the first place.
Summery: – 1
You can see from Mary’s answers to our set questions she has taken up a new global view of men, a new way of behaving, she has used hindsight to create a new memory of the event. Prior to the event Mary had no such cautious thinking about men; she certainly did not have a global ideation. Her statement about, I should have known, is pure hindsight after the event, she even finds a suitable saying to confirm her thinking, an inch over a mile, the opposite could be, one small step is all it takes to your desired goal. Prior to the rape she was more than trusting to go outside and enjoy this man’s company and wished to be kissed and hugged. (This is not a justification for her rape merely looking at her own thinking). When asked how others might feel – she quickly adopts a “I know better approach”, she is really talking about herself prior to the rape, her personal belief in the ability to handle men, but now in hindsight seeing herself as the silly girl. Mary comes to therapy because she is finding it hard to make new relationships yet in answer to the last question – she effectively answers her own problem. She has created a new reality for herself in which no man can be trusted and therefore safer to be alone and avoid situations where she might meet similar men to her attacker (or any man).
After this session our counsellor can reflect on Mary’s new perspective, her new common sense view, her fear of future relationships and the real matter of trust. Maybe she will need many challenging session before she can return to some semblance of the happy girl she once was but in trauma this of course takes time.
The purpose of this exercise was however to show how we can use some notions from Social Psychology in our counselling practice.
Social Psychology – Who am I?
Central to social psychology is the idea of the “self” in a social environment. Our social identity is our sense of who we are in our private thoughts and in a community – our group identity for instance. When asked the question, “who am I?” , we tend to list our concept about our appearance, so we may answer, a man, a woman, tall, short, fat, thin, black, white. We may then talk of our social self, doctor, housewife, engineer, unemployed, these are our social roles. We then espouse our achievement, graduate, and noble laureate. Then we may talk about our knowledge of ourselves in the sense of our character, kind, happy, clever, superstitious. Finally about our feelings of self-worth, am I good person, do I help others, do people like me?
As we do not live in isolation (unless you are a hermit) we are constantly adjusting ourselves to our situations, we may have some enduring traits across many situations such as, patience, kindness or risk taking and self-interest. However we do change our thinking and image to more often fit the situation we find ourselves in at any one time. Culture can make a huge difference to a situation and how we think and behave. Markus and Kitayama (1991) investigated the concept of the independent Westerner and the interdependent Easterner. The Westerner is surrounded by people such as mother, father, siblings, friends, co-workers and those who they serve or are serviced by, (shops etc). In the West they acknowledge the relationships with others but in the East they see themselves as deeply embedded in the lives of others. This has a huge impact on the concept of yourself image. The independent person is defined by individual traits and goals that are personal to them; the interdependent person is socially defined by connections with others. When asked what matters in life the independent will reply – me, my personal achievements, the interdependent will reply – we, the family, the group. The independent disapproves of conformity while the interdependent dislikes egotism in people. One group may feel they are controlling the world and the other is being controlled by the world (or events).
Social Psychology informs Counselling -2
If the self is central to our thinking, our behaviour and our feelings then counselling should try to find out the core of a clients being in order to understand his position in society and life. How can we truly understand the client and their need for growth or resolution without knowing more about their starting point? Our therapist needs to ask some fundamental questions to elicit an overview of a person’s situation. Here are just six examples:
1. Tell me how you see yourself – physically.
2. Tell me how you believe others see you?
3. What roles do you have in society, work, home etc?
4. If I met you for the first time – what would my impression of you be?
5. Do you think you are a good person?
6. If you see a beggar in the street how do you react?
Case Study – 2
John has come to therapy to achieve some personal growth. He is fundamentally happy in life, has a good job, nice family and has few dramas in his life beyond the normal stressors of money and mortgages. However he is feeling unfulfilled and wishes to explore his potential for growth as a person.
Therapist: If I came from Mars and saw you – how would I report back to my superiors what you looked like in comparison to others I met?
John: That’s a tough question, I do not normally think about how I look beyond being suitably dressed for the occasion, i.e. for work or going out. If pushed I would say tall, maybe too thin, balding but still not ugly, keep clean and I am soft spoken. I guess as a Martian if you compare me too others I may be seen as dull, routine type and not very exciting.
Therapist: So if I was to tell your best friend that description would they recognise you?
John: hahahah I doubt it. When I am with my friends I am more casual, more relaxed and maybe even a little outgoing – take a risk now and again. I remember lots of jokes and amuse my friends with the telling. They always kid me I’m in danger of being blown away as I have no weight and keep eating all the time to keep on the ground.
Therapist: What is your role in society – what do you see as important?
John: I am a father first and foremost and then, of course equally, my wife’s husband. I think family is important more so than work although you have to have both in order to survive. I am an engineer by trade but now-days I mostly work in an office using a computer to create design papers. The work is steady and important but not essential to the well-being of mankind. I mentor at a children’s club once a week, you know the sort of thing, keeping them off the streets and occupied. I enjoy the way they look up to me as their advisor in so many areas of teenage concern.
Therapist: If my assistant walked in here now and said hello to you what impression would she form of you? If I asked her later to tell me what might she say?
John: She might say who was that boring guy you were with? It hurt my neck to look up at him. If I had a ladder he might be ok?
Therapist: Are you a good person John?
John: Well I have never intentially hurt anyone as far as I know. I think I do more than most for my local community. So, yes I would say I was good over-all.
Therapist: There are many beggars in the streets now-days, if you saw one outside what is your reaction to them?
John: I have to be honest here and say I do not always sympathise with them. I feel they may not be as poor as they pretend to be. You know a day of collecting then back to the car and home to the wife. I saw a beggar collect $5 from a bus cue, I worked out in a day he could collect maybe $200, that is $1000 every five days, $4000 a month – most people have to work really hard to get that sort of money. So now I only give to the ones I can be really sure about.
Summery: – 2
First we should re-examine the purpose of the questions;
Tell me how you see yourself – physically.
This question helps to breakdown the person’s self concept -their mirror image of themselves. What does it tell us? In our example John is a conformist; he dresses to expectations of others, and cares about his impression on others as in his remark about being clean.
Tell me how you believe others see you?
This is a checking question about the first. You can see here John does not repeat the first description but his more social self when relaxed and surrounded by those he trusts. Outside of his circle John conforms to expectations.
What roles do you have in society, work, home etc?
This question is to see how he fits into the world he inhabits. John clearly show a preference for safe roles, father, husband but when he talks about his outside roles he is clearly not so happy and fulfilled by work or his professional self.
If I met you for the first time – what would my impression of you be?
Here we are testing out the self-image again. John self-abases himself as he believes women react to his tallness and being thin. He believe he may look like the target of humour especially women.
Do you think you are a good person?
In this question we are looking for character traits, here John emphasises his contribution to the community, over exaggerates his role and minimises that of others. He wants to be seen as the good man.
If you see a beggar in the street how do you react?
This again is the checking question for the previous one about being good. Here John justifies what being good is – that it is situational for him. The beggar makes too much money therefore I do not have to give. I’m still a good man though? Self justification gives rise to thinking and behaviour to suit our prejudices.
John came for personal growth to be able to be more in his world than just the normal person. John feels he is unfulfilled by life and from our questions we can see the image he holds of himself and his personal reality. Now the counsellor is not dealing with a problem of growth but a problem of image and self interest. From the findings of social psychology the counselling can be better informed and have a better base from which to suggest change and insight.
Conclusion:
This paper set out to show how a study of social psychology could help counsellors become better questioners and more informed about how people see themselves, their personal reality and concept of worth in a social world. In the two example case studies we can see the practical application of the findings from research in this area. Of course social psychology is a huge area of study and in this paper we have only scratched the surface of social thinking. Social influence and social relations can also inform us – such areas as obedience, conformity, conflict resolution and many other areas where people influence people either by the situation, or by the traits and characters of others, in transactions of our social world.
References:
Myers, .D (2005) Social Psychology, Posts & Telecom Press, China – McGraw Hill Publishing. USA.
I recommend the above text for a introduction to the area for first timers, however if you are more advanced then the study texts for social psychology from the Open University in England is far more superior in explanation of content.
Professor Stephen F. Myler PhD (Psych)